雅思写作高级词汇及短语精选

一、教育类

1.adapt oneself to the development of使自己适应…的发展

2.scope of knowledge知识面

3.narrow the gap between缩小了…的鸿沟

4.lighten the burden of减轻了…的负担

5.comprehensive knowledge广博的知识

6.long-distance education远程教育

7.enrich the teaching method丰富教育手段

8. teaching methodology教学方法

9. schooling学校教育

10. upbringing、parenting、upbringing家庭教育

11. instill high moral values(注意：value用作复数表示价值观)灌输高尚的道德观

12.impart\inculcate knowledge传授知识

13.multi-media teaching多媒体教学

14.solid professional working experience扎实的职业工作经验

15.vocational education职业教育

16.down-to-earth, practical切合实际的

17.stress-related illness与压力有关的疾病

18.enjoy equal rights享有平等权利

19.receive education接受教育

20.thought-provoking引人深思的

21.enlightening予以人启迪的

22.far-reaching深远的

23.never-ending永不停息的

24.perplexing令人困惑的

25.overwhelming压倒一切的

26.the cultural diversity文化的多元性

27.insightful富有洞察力的,有深刻见解的

28.exchange experience交流经验

29.undertake the due obligations承担责任

30.offer a chance of education提供一种教育机会

31.give a big push to the development of education给予教育极大的推动

32.vocational guidance职业指导

33.vocational training职业训练

34.face possible pressure and competition迎接可能的压力和竞争

35.Be easily taken in by容易受到某人或某事的欺骗

36.exam-oriented education应试教育

37.knowledge-intensive知识密集型的；

  labor-intensive劳动密集型的

38.education for all-round development全面发展教育

39.have quick and easy access to something更快地接触到…东西

40.develop our creative mind培养我们创造性思维

41.fake diploma假文凭

42.embracing the knowledge economy age拥抱知识经济时代

43.renew knowledge革新知识

44.people-oriented以人为本的;

   profit-oriented以盈利为目的的

45.system of education教育体制(compulsory education义务教育,quality education素质教育,student-oriented education以学生为主体的教育)

46.keep skills fresh and up-to-date使得技能可以与时俱进

47.widen one’s knowledge拓展知识面

48.enrich one’s social and life experience丰富了社会和生活阅历

49.realize the value of life实现生命价值

50.grasp good communication skills掌握良好的交流技能

51.remove misunderstanding and discrimination消除误解和歧视

52.improve cultural integration and globalization促进了文化的融合和文化全球化

53.cultivate a strong sense of responsibility培养了强烈的责任感

54.promote social skills and competence提高了社会能力和竞争力

55.make contribution to society对社会做出贡献

56.cultivate logical thinking培养逻辑思维

（46-56可用做教育的好处、作用、影响）

57.cross-cultural communication跨文化交流

58.bias of culture文化偏见

59.mainstream culture主流文化

60.rote learning、learn things by rote死记硬背

61.concentrate one’s attention on关注…

62.cultivate，foster，nurture培养

63.promote the student’s physical, mental \intellectual and emotional development促进学生身心发展

64.psychological soundness\well-being心理健康

65.aptitude，talent学习能力（先天）

66.ability，skill学习能力（后天）

67.tap one’s potential挖掘某人的潜能

68.go astray误入歧途;indiscipline、misbehavior、mischief不遵守纪律;disruptive students、unruly students违反纪律的学生;commit crimes犯罪

69.applied sciences应用学科; basic sciences基础科学;humanities人文学科;social sciences社会学科;liberal studies、arts文科;sciences理科;engineering工科

70.theoretical knowledge理论知识;practical knowledge实践知识

71.university education、college education、higher education further education、tertiary education大学教育;vocational education\training、on-the-job training职业教育;primary-level education小学教育;secondary-level education中学教育

72.youths、youngsters、adolescents青少年

73.develop linguistic skills培养语言技能

74.verbal communication口头交流

75.grammatical rules语法规则

76.context语境

77.core核心

78.translation笔译

79.interpretation口译

80.a complex progress一个复杂过程

81.cream精华

82.obscure晦涩的

83.readability朗朗上口

84.an unrealistic dream一个不切实际的梦想

85.comprehensive knowledge全面的知识

86.communicate with others directly, and freely与他人直接自由交流

87.face-to-face communication面对面交流

88.stimulate one’s interest激发了…的兴趣

89.artificial intelligence人工智能

90.increase efficiency提高效率

91.easy accessibility易于操作

92.make astounding advances突飞猛进

93.enrich the teaching and learning methods丰富了教学手段

94.expertise专业知识

95.flourishing繁荣兴旺的

96.speedy communication快速的交流

97.read between the lines读懂暗含的意思

98.language acquisition语言习得

99.term术语

100.implication含义

101.be fully aware of…充分意识到…

102.optimistic乐观的

103.pessimistic悲观的

104.drawback弊端

105.precious gift宝贵的礼物

106.linguist语言学家

107.mission impossible不可能的任务

二、工作生活与意识形态

1.the tempo\pace of life has increased生活节奏加速

2.social settings社会环境

3.religious belief宗教信仰

4.educational level教育程度

5.life stages人生的阶段

6.sedentary lifestyle缺少运动的生活方式

7.live a high-pressured and fast-paced lifestyle高压力和快节奏的生活方式

8.poor time and money management金钱和时间管理不当

9.juggle work and family commitment不能同时兼顾家庭和工作

10.unrealistic expectation不切实际的期待

11.nurture a good state of mind养成良好的心态

12.block out worries争取减少忧虑

13.balance work and family平衡工作和生活

14.turn to others for help寻求帮助

15.resolve conflicts with other people处理好和他人的矛盾

16.release yourself from daily stresses with group sports, social events and hobbies通过体育、社交活动或者业余爱好来摆脱压力

17.a means of self-expression自我表达的一种方式

18.follow blindly盲目追求

19.dwell too much on what others think失去了自己的喜好和判断

20.reflect one’s personality and likes表现个人的性格和喜好

21.allow people to try on many roles in life让人们在生活中体验不同角色

22.diversity and variety of the world in which we live使世界更加丰富多彩

23.root in daily life源于生活

24.over nourishment营养过剩

25.create alienation between people导致人与人之间的疏远

26.money-worshiping、mercenary、materialistic过于功利的

27.pursue maximum profit追求最大限度利润

28.poverty alleviation扶贫

29.job opportunity、employment opportunity就业机会

30.promotion opportunity提升机会

31.switching jobs、job-hopping换工作\跳槽

32.acquire a wide array of skills发展多种技能

33.take on new challenges and seize opportunities接受挑战、把握机会

34.job security工作稳定

35.basic pay基本收入

36.lack of self-motivation缺乏动力

37.directionless\aimless没有目标

38.egoism利己主义

39.altruism利他主义

40.individualism个人主义

41.communalism、collectivism集体主义

42.do what is in one’s own self-interest每个人都又权力做符合自己利益的事情

43.hinder one’s pursuit of self-development ,excellence and creativity阻碍寻求自我发展、突出自己和创造性的动力

44.focus on contemporary life关注现代生活

45.soothe the soul平缓情绪

46.utilised as a form of propaganda用做一种宣传手段

47.promote popular morale提高士气

48.enrich cultural life丰富文化生活

49.enhance the quality of life提高生活质量

50.attract criticism ,arouse hostility and cause conflict引起批评、激化敌意并导致冲突

51.conform the existing rules墨守成规

52.satisfied with material comforts满足于物质

53.spiritual needs精神享受

54.achieve a balance between work and pleasure劳逸结合

55.good rapport with coworkers, peers and superiors好的同事、同伴、上司

56.time-conscious people时间观念很强的人

57.impoverished、poverty-stricken、destitute、indigent贫穷的

58.affluent、wealthy、well-off富裕的

59.urban城市的 rural乡村的

60.urbanization城市化

61.the disparity between the city and the countryside城乡差距

62.relocate搬迁

63.telecommute在家上班

64.leisure、recreation、amusement、entertainment休闲、娱乐

65.laissez-faire management宽松的管理

66.operating costs、overhead costs运营成本

67.labor pool劳动力资源

68.depression抑郁症

69.sleeplessness、sleep-deprivation、insomnia失眠症

70.population explosion、population boom人口爆炸

71.family planning、birth control控制人口

72.gender equality两性平等

73.gender discrimination、sexism性别歧视

74.a progressive\enlightening society一个开明的社会

75.be tied down by household chores被家务事拖累

76.child bearing生育孩子

77.child rearing抚养孩子

78.elderly people、senior citizens老年人

79.family bonds\ties家庭成员间的情感纽带

80.a sense of belonging归属感

81.single-parent family单亲家庭

82.mistreat、abuse虐待

83.domestic\family violence家庭暴力

三、环境与动物保护

1.ecosystem\ecological system生态系统

2.cological balance\equilibrium生态平衡

3.sustainable development可持续发展

4.biodiversity生物的多样性

5.environmentalists\conservationists环保主义者animal right activists动物权益保护主义者

6.environmentally-friendly（adj.）对环境无害的

7.conservation节约

8.recycle\reuse (v.)再利用

9.advocate the management of resources倡导资源管理
10.benefit from从中受益

11.enhance\elevate\raise the public awareness of …增强公众的……意识
12.put forward valuable suggestions提出宝贵建议
13.play a major role in easing …在缓解……上扮演了重要角色

14.shortage\scarcity\dearth\lack（n.）短缺
15.participate in the reconstruction of the city参与城市重建
16.raise the environmental management level提高环境管理水平
17.create a pleasant ecological environment创造出一种和谐的生态环境
18.give priority to优先关注
19.catch much attention引起很大关注

20.deforestation (n.)砍伐森林

forestation project造林工程

afforested areas; greening space绿化面积
 forest coverage森林覆盖率
 wind breaks防风林

sand breaks防沙林

21.greenhouse effect、global warming温室效应

22.discharge effluent\sewage排放污水

23.non-biodegradable garbage、wastes that can not decompose or break down、inorganic trash白色污染产生的垃圾

throwaway bio-degradable plastic bags可降解一次性塑料袋

24.infertile soil贫瘠的土壤

25.fertile soil肥沃的土壤

26.arable land、farmland耕地

27.pollute\contaminate (v.)污染

28.poisonous\toxic (adj.)有毒的

29.renewable resources可再生资源

30.non-renewable resources不可再生资源
31.consume\deplete (v.)消耗(某种资源)

32.use up\exhaust（v.）用尽(某种资源)

33.harsh measures\actions严厉措施

34.condemn rather than condone sth.谴责而不是纵容

35.resource allocation资源配置
36.perfect the construction of urban infrastructure完善城市基础设施建设
37.reduce the number of vehicles减少车辆
38.implement strict vehicle emission standards制定严格的汽车排放标准
39.reduce waste减少浪费
40.eliminate poverty and backwardness消除贫穷与落后
41.prevent and control pollution预防和控制污染
42.reinforce the conservation of water and soil加强水土保护
43.keep ecological balance维护生态平衡
44.adopt environmental protection technique采取环保技术
45.create a healthy cultural environment创造出一种更加健康的文化氛围
46.strengthen the regulation and monitoring加强监督和管理
47.enhance the governmental intrusion加大政府干预性措施
48.promote legislative regulations促进立法管理
49.establish and perfect the social security system建立和完善社会的安全体系
50.give special care to给某人或某物特别的关照
51.map out (work out) a blueprint of …制定出…的发展蓝图
52.impose some restrictions on对…实施限制
53.increase the inputs in …加大对…的投入
54.arouse people’s awareness of唤醒人们的…意识
55.take some preventive (remedial) measures采取一些预防（补救）措施
56.enforce on-the-spot penalties采取立即惩罚性措施
57.play the role of media充分的发挥媒体的作用
58.take proper guidance and support采取恰当的引导和支持
59.impose heavier penalty on对…实施严格的惩罚
60.set down effective laws制定积极有效的法律
61.urban planning城市规划
62.result in shortage of energy and natural resources导致了能源和自然资源的短缺
63.break the ecological balance破坏了生态的平衡
64.be harmful to our physical and mental health对我们的身心健康有害
65.contaminate the environment污染环境
66.promote the sustainable development of the city促进城市的可持续性发展
67.greenhouse effect温室效应
68.strengthen pollution control加强污染控制
69.popularize environmental protection knowledge普及环保知识
70.burning迫在眉睫的

71.environmental degradation环境恶化

72.at the cost of environment以环境污染为代价
73.uncontrolled urbanization城市化失控

74.motor vehicle exhaust、car emission汽车尾气排放
75.exhaust purifier尾气净化器

76.urban refuse城市垃圾

77.protect …from overexploitation防止过度开发
78.conservation of water and soil水土保持
79.lead-free gasoline无铅汽油
80.gas-fueled vehicles天然气汽车
81.cell-driven vehicles; battery cars电动汽车
82.combat desertification防治荒漠化
83.curb environmental pollution; bring the pollution under control治理环境污染
84.industrial solid wastes工业固体废物

85.organic pollutions有机污染物

86.environment-friendly agriculture; eco-agriculture生态农业
87.water resource conservation zone水资源保护区
88.slow down the rate of resource degradation降低资源消耗率
89.develop renewable resources开发可再生资源
90.establish nature reserve建立自然保护区
91.endangered wildlife濒危野生动物

92.medical research医学研究

93.cruel\merciless\inhuman\callous\brutal残忍的

94.vivisection活体解剖

95.ease\alleviate\relieve animals’ pain减轻动物的痛苦

96.pets are their masters’ companions宠物是主人的伙伴

97.afford their masters consolation and comfort给主人心理安慰

四、科技

1. scientific invention科学发明

2. exert a far-reaching impact on…对…产生一种深远的影响

3. double-edgedsword双刃剑

4. cutting-edge technology尖端科技

5. pave the way for the future development为未来的发展铺平道路

6. lay a solid foundation for…为…打下良好的基础

7. information explosion\overload信息爆炸

8. depletion of resources能源消耗

9. milestone里程碑

10. sophisticated equipment尖端设备

11. technicalinnovation科技创新

12.the information age\era信息时代

13. antithetical与…背道而驰的

14. over-commercialized过渡商业化的

15. enhance\augment\boost the efficiency提高效率

16. the proliferation of Internet互联网的广泛使用

17. technological innovations科技创新及发展

18. labor-saving省力的   labor-replacing代替人力的

19. automatic自动的 automation自动化

20. biotechnology生物技术

21. speedy and comfortable既快捷又舒适

22. opposite forces负面影响

23. afatalbreakdown致命故障

24. potential hazards潜在危险

25. pose a threat to…对…有一种威胁

26. promote relative industries促进相关产业发展

27. accelerate加速…

28. means of transportation交通方式

29. transportation tools交通工具

30. social status社会地位

31. environmentally-friendly resources环保的能源

32. make people’s life easier使人们生活更方便

33.alternativefuel可替代燃料

34. sustainable development可持续性发展

35. scientific exploration科学探索

36. air travel航空旅行

37. ridiculous可笑的

38. absurd荒唐的

39.substitute取代

40. overcome difficulties克服困难

41. make progress取得进步

42. a sense of national pride民族自豪感

43. unprecedented前所未有的

44. soaring不断上升的

45. give a great push to the economic growth极大地推动了经济发展

46. see dramatic breakthroughs取得突破性进展

47. aggravate使恶化

48. optimize优化

49. cure-all solution万能良药

50.automobileindustry汽车工业

51. boost the economic development促进经济发展

52. levy the tax征税

53. modernization现代化

54. be viewed as …被视为是…

55. be concerned about …对…担忧/关注…

56. pollution-free fuel无污染燃料

57. luxury奢侈品

58.chroniclead poisoning慢性铅中毒

59. fill… with …使…充斥着

60. popularization of cars汽车普及

61. lay more emphasis on…把重心放在…

62. observe traffic regulations遵守交通规则

63. break traffic regulations违反交通规则

64. get struck in traffic遇上堵车

65. rush hour上下班高峰时间

66. ease the traffic pressure缓解交通压力

67.pedestrian行人

68. pavement人行道

69. zebra crossing斑马线

70. over speed超速行驶

71. bottleneck交通堵塞地区

72. settle down effective laws制定出积极有效的法律

73. Impose restrictions on …对…实施限制

74. short-sighted目光短浅的

75. non-renewable resources不可再生资源

76.telecommunications远程通信

77. a pillar industry支柱产业

78. make full use of …充分利用

79. road networks公路网

80. speed limits限速

81. enhance the quality of life提高生活质量

82. pay a heavy price付出惨痛的代价

83. promote the development of relative industries促进相关产业发展

84. traffic engineering交通运输工程

85. the number of car ownership汽车拥有量

86. call for …需要…

87. overcrowded过度拥挤的

88.violator违规者

89. headache令人头痛的事

90. traffic accidents交通事故

91. head-way进展

92. conflict with …与…相冲突

93. major cause主要原因

94. be replaced by …被…所取代

95. provide convenience for …为…提供便利

96.curb限制…

97. dilemma进退两难

98. encourage somebody to do something鼓励某人去做某事

99. energy-saving节能的

100. marketable products畅销产品

101. potential market潜在市场

102. in view of考虑到

103. be tempted into an unhealthy lifestyle.过上一种不健康的生活方式

104. jump into our sight映入眼帘

105. fake and exaggerated information虚假信息

106. be deceptive and misleading具有欺骗性和误导性

107. high-tech products高科技产品

108. perfect services完善服务

109. in all walks of life在各行各业

五、犯罪类

1.commit a crime犯罪

2.break\violate\flout\disobey the law触犯法律

3.offence、crimes、criminal acts罪行

4.criminal、offenders、culprit、perpetrator罪犯

5.accomplice、accessory从犯

6.resent society、hold a grudge against society憎恨社会

7.victims受害者

8.trauma心理创伤

9.prison监狱

10.cell牢房

11.imprison\incarcerate someone监禁

12.be brought to justice被绳之以法

13.reform\rehabilitate criminals改造罪犯

14.law enforcement agencies执法部门

15.heinous\flagitious crime、felony重罪

16.petty crime轻罪

17.first-time offenders初犯者

18.hardened offenders惯犯

19.revert to crime再次犯罪

20.track down、hunt down、capture抓捕

21.abide by the law、comply with the law遵守法律

22.law-abiding citizens守法公民

23.boost the sense of safety增强安全意识

24.reinforce the police force and increase patrol增强警力和巡逻

25.miscarriges of justice执法不公

26.deterrent effect震慑作用

27.a sign of the triumph of good over evil正义战胜邪恶象征

28.being closely monitored受到严格监控

29.fear of reprisal担心报复的心理

30.restrict freedom限制自由

31.invade privacy侵犯隐私

32.alert people to the risk of being victimized by crime提高人们对于犯罪的警惕

33.robbery抢劫

34.hijack绑架

35.rape强奸

36.shoplift商店偷窃(shoplifter商店偷窃

37.smuggle走私

38.drug-trafficking贩毒（traffic交易）

39.arson放火罪

40.offenses of homicide\murder杀人罪

41.crime of intentional injury\assault故意伤害罪

六、文化与旅游

1.tourist attractions、tourist spots、places of interest旅游景点

2.maitain、protect、preserve(v.)保护

3.forefathers、ancestors祖先

4.descendants后代

5.ethnic minorities少数民族

6.the harmony between ethnic groups/races民族团结

7.cultural diversity文化融合

8.interaction互相影响

9.cultural diversity文化多元性

10.insular/provincial/parochial mentality狭隘的观念

11.deprecate/denigrate/minimize the importance of贬低

12. push back/expand one’s vision/ horizons开阔眼界

13.promote cultural communication促进文化交流

14.draw/attract/appeal to/ be a magnet for sb.吸引

15.first-hand experience亲身体验

second-hand experience/vicarious experience间接体验

16.multi-sensory多种感官体验的

17.conflict冲突

18.discord/dissension争端

19.isolate the tourist from the locals把游客和当地人隔离

20.commercialize商业化

21.cultural heritage文化遗产

22.the Internet will not render tourism obsoletes互联网不会让旅游业过时

七、媒体类

1.current affairs时事

2.the press时事

3.the print media时印刷机构

4.news outlets报道的新闻机构

5.the electronic media电子媒体

6.prevalent、ubiquitous、pervasive无处不在的

7.be awash with ; be inundate with; be saturated with充斥着

8.censor审查

9.delete、eliminate、excise删除

10.excessive(gratuitous) violent and pornographic contents过多的暴力与色情内容

11.misleading、misrepresented、distorted有误导性的

12. fraudulent诈骗性的

13.false、bogus虚假的

14.report sth. in graphic detail报道非常详尽的新界

15.media hype媒体炒作

16.exaggerate \sensationalize things; blow things out of all proportions夸大事件

17.objective and balanced公正客观的

18.expose、reveal揭露

19.violate (intrude on/infringe on)侵犯隐私

20.tarnish(sully/smear/besmirch) one’s reputation毁坏某人的名誉

21.paparazzi(单复同体)狗仔队

22.celebrity名人

23.scandals丑闻

24.cover up; gloss over; whitewash掩盖

25.blassed;skewed;unobjective不客观的

26.factual accounts如实地描述

27.reliable;trustworthy;dependable可信的

28.up-to-date;up-to-the-minute及时的

29.informative信息量大的

30.entertaining娱乐性强的

31.newsworthy有新闻价值的

32.code of ethics/conduct道德准则

33.head news头条新闻

34.sofe news娱乐新闻

35.sporting news体育新闻

36.healthy express健康快讯

37.celebrity anecdote名人逸事

38.cater the audience迎合观众

39.give an exaggerated account of an issue夸大其词

40.market-driven,obedient to market demands以市场为中心

41.entertain consumers娱乐消费者

42.lose respect for the privacy of people对别人的隐私不够尊重

43.public service advertising, non-commercial advertising公益广告

44.advertising breaks广告时间

45.广告的优点：

disseminate\propagate\populate market information传播市场信息

inform consumers of new products介绍新产品

encourage competition in quality an product innovation鼓励质量上的竞争和产品革新

enrich the consumers lives and improve living standards丰富消费者的生活，提高生活质量

enable greater volumes to be sold and promote economic development促进产品的销量和经济的发展

46.广告的缺点：

add to the cost of every product由于广告费的原因，广告会增加商品的价格

claims or visual images that directly or indirectly mislead the consumers广告的语言和图像会直接或者间接误导观众

abuse the consumers’ trust ,exploit their lack of experience or knowledge to manipulate them滥用消费者的信任，利用他们缺少相关经验和知识的特点去诱导他们购买对自己无用的产品

dispose of excess production广告很多时候就是帮助解决滞销产品

八、经济类

1.saving储蓄

2.investment投资

3.expenditure支出花费

4.capital资本资金资产

5.currency通货通用市价

6.denomination（种类、数值、大小）的单位

7.demand需求、需求量

8.supply补给、供给、供应品

9.purchase购买

10.inflation通货膨胀

11.deflation通货紧缩

12.monetary货币的金钱的

13.microeconomics微观经济学

14.macroeconomics宏观经济学

15.consume消费消耗

16.distribution分配、分发、配给物

17.durability经久、耐久力

18.nominal名义上的、近似的、大约的

19.taxation课税、征税、税收、税款、估定的税额

20.externality外部因素、可能影响行动进程的偶然条件

21.asymmetric不均匀的不对衬的

22.fluctuate变动波动涨落

23.trademark商标

24.copyright版权著作权

25.brand商标牌子

26.appreciation增值

27.depreciation贬值

28.depression萧条不景气

29.discount折扣

30.entrepreneur企业家主办人

31.fiscal财政的国库的会计的

32.insurance保险保险单保险业保险费

33.futures期货

34.financial财政的金融的

35.equilibrium平衡、均衡

36.hyperinflation恶性通货膨胀

37.profitability收益性收益率

38.stock股本股票股份

39.tariff关税关税表

40.quota配额限额

41.surplus剩余过剩

42.merchandise商品货物

43.commerce商业

44.account计算账目

45.transaction交易事务处理事务

九、政府类

1.unemployment；joblessness失业

2.infrastructure基础设施

3.social security社会保障

4.medical care system医疗保健

5.public transportation公共交通

6.public service公共服务

7.essential sectors关键行业

8.non-essential sectors非紧要行业

9.private sector私人企业

10.general interest公众利益

11.welfare福利

12.financial assistance经济援助

13.shake off\get rid of poverty摆脱贫穷

14.authorities当局

15.citizens; the citizenry老百姓

16.regulate;administe;oversee规范，管理

17.implement实施

18.legislate; make laws立法

19.strictly prohibit; ban altogether严禁

20.stringent laws/legislation严格的法律

21.scrutiny (n.); scrutinize (v.) monitor (v.)监督

22.allocate money to sth;be a patron of; invest in; fund; dedicate money to sth.为……拨款

23.budget (n.)预算

24.tax revenue税收

25.the government spending/expenditure on sth.政府开支

26.curtail削减

27.augment增加

28.give priority to sth.把当作当务之急

29.responsibility; obligation责任

30.arms race军备竞赛

31.self-defense自卫

32.national security; homeland security国土安全

33.short-sighted policy缺乏远见的政策

34.expansion (n.) aggression (n.)扩张

35.seek\pursue hegemony谋求霸权

36.a vicious circle恶性循环

37.destabilizing factors地区不稳定因素

38.rules and regulations规章制度

39.space race太空竞赛

40.arms (n.) weapons (n.) armaments (n.)武器

41.laid-off workers; downsized workers下岗工人

42.power grid电网

43.democratic民主的democracy民主

44.民主与开明的政府a democratic and progressive government

十、社会类

1. urbanization城市化

2. centralization集中化

3.imbalance不平衡

4.in the long run从长远角度而言

5.infrastructure基础设施

6.booming繁荣发展的

7.tertiary industry第三产业

8.tranquility宁静

9.revenue税收

10.commercialization商业化

11.traffic congestion交通拥挤

12.water scarcity水短缺

13.the environmental pollution环境污染

14.over-industrialization过度工业化

15.over-crowdedness过度拥挤

16.unemployment失业

17.wealth distribution财富分配

18.social instability社会动荡

19.urban construction城市建设

20.population explosion人口激增

21.a rising crime rate犯罪率上升

22.drain of energy and resources能源和资源消耗

23.offer more job opportunities提供更多的就业机会

24.a rapid pace of life快节奏生活

25.stress-related illnesses与压力有关的疾病

26.high cost of living高额生活费用

27.pastoral life田园生活

28.class polarization阶级两极分化

29.social welfare社会福利

30.give special care to …给予…特殊关照

31.urban sprawl城市扩张

32.convenient transportation means便捷的交通工具

33.better medical services更好的医疗服务

34.pressure of modern life in city城市生活压力

35.be vulnerable to …易于患上…

36.melting pot熔炉

37.on the brink of …处于…边缘

38.pollutant污染性物质

39.waste disposal废物处理

40.put the blame on …归咎于…

41.be attributable to …归因为…

42.ways of consumption消费方式

43.suffer heavy losses遭受重大损失

44.citizen居民

45.be confronted with…面临着…

46.breed crimes滋生犯罪

47.vicious cycle恶性循环

48.a feasible measure一种可行的措施

49.give priority to …优先考虑…

50.city plan城市规划